The article updates and expands on 2012 research concerning encryption and globalization. It analyzes “Round 3” of the Going Dark Debate, focusing on current controversies over end-to-end encryption (E2EE). Governments worldwide have proposed or enacted laws to limit E2EE for law enforcement and national security. The article aims to explain underlying technologies and market developments to help policy audiences critically assess these proposals.It tracks three rounds of the Going Dark Debate, starting with Round 1, the Crypto Wars of the 1990s. During this period, U.S. export controls on strong encryption were ultimately lifted in 1999. Round 2, from roughly 2010 to 2015, saw widespread encryption-in-transit. Lawful access remained available through cloud providers, leading to what was termed a “golden age of surveillance.” Round 3 addresses the current E2EE debate. In this scenario, no intermediary entity can read the plaintext communication between sender and recipient.