Extended Landauer-Büttiker Formula for Current through Open Quantum Systems with Gain or Loss

Author(s): Chao Yang and Yucheng Wang The Landauer-Büttiker formula, which characterizes current through a finite region connected to leads, is a cornerstone in studying transport phenomena. We extend this formula using the Lindblad-Keldysh formalism to describe particle and energy currents in regions with gain or loss. The derived form… [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 056304] Published Wed Feb 04, 2026