Subtropical gyre expansion cau... Note

Subtropical gyre expansion causes Southern Ocean salinification contrary to freshening predictions

This study shows that the Southern Ocean is becoming saltier rather than fresher, as the poleward expansion of subtropical gyres transports high-salinity waters into higher latitudes, demonstrating that ocean circulation can outweigh surface freshwater forcing in shaping regional salinity patterns, with important implications for ocean ventilation, nutrient cycling, and Earth’s carbon and heat budgets.