Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science Follow The optimizer’s curse The above sketch shows a decision tree. The circles are uncertainty nodes and the squares are decision nodes. Read the tree from left to right: to start, there is uncertainty of which of the strata i=1,…,I you will be in. … https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2026/07/01/the-optimizers-curse/ statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu