TypeScript

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that is object-oriented and tightly typed, allowing it to be used in any environment that supports JavaScript. It supports arrays through square brackets and the Array generic type, and can also define mixed array types and tuples with fixed lengths and types. However, TypeScript has some disadvantages, such as long compilation times, lack of abstract classes, and the need for an additional compilation step. It also has complex type schemes, including the "never" and "any" types, which can be used for functions that do not return and disabling type checking, respectively. Tuples in TypeScript have strongly defined types for initial values but lose type safety for additional values. Functions in TypeScript can be defined with return types, optional parameters, default parameters, and rest parameters, and can also accept objects as arguments.