Why won't the Mail app sync my... Note

Why won't the Mail app sync my Gmail account on Windows 10?

Why does the Mail app keep showing "Not synced yet" for my Gmail account, even though I've re-entered the password and checked the sync settings? Why does it sometimes work for a few hours and then stop again? Could this be an authentication issue with two-factor authentication, a problem with the Mail app itself, or something Windows 10 broke in a recent update? And is there another way to sync Gmail without reinstalling Windows?