Spain's construction industry is experiencing a significant demographic shift with foreign-born workers now making up over 52 percent of those in unskilled roles. This marks a dramatic change from pre-pandemic levels, where Spanish nationals held a substantial majority in these positions. Overall, the industry has seen a net loss of Spanish workers since 2019, offset by a large influx of foreign employees, leading to nearly 36 percent of all construction workers being foreign-born. This trend is also evident in skilled trades like bricklaying, where the number of Spanish workers has significantly decreased while foreign representation has grown substantially. Specialized trades such as plumbing and electrical work are also seeing a rising proportion of foreign-born professionals. Industry experts anticipate this pattern will continue due to upcoming retirements and lower replacement rates among younger Spanish workers. Spain is exploring construction automation, favoring modular building techniques assembled by cranes rather than advanced robotics. This approach, while reducing on-site labor, contrasts with South Korea's aggressive adoption of robotics and AI in construction. South Korea utilizes sophisticated robots for tasks from material cutting to structural assembly and site supervision. Their advanced automation allows for greater efficiency and reduced reliance on foreign labor. Examples include robotic arms, automated rebar tiers, and GPS-guided heavy machinery. This strategic choice in Asia prioritizes technological advancement over mass immigration for construction labor.